Jump to: Glorious Revolution 1688 – French Revolution 1789 – UK Parliament Crisis 1909-11
References are to UK events and material unless otherwise stated.
|
Year |
UK Events |
Europe |
World |
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2023 |
25th anniversary of Belfast Good Friday Agreement, Human Rights Act, Devolution |
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2022 |
7 July Johnson announces resignation. 5 Sept Truss becomes PM 8 Sept Death of Queen Elizabeth, Charles becomes King 23 Sept mini-budget 14 Oct Kwarteng sacked as Chancellor 19 Oct Braverman resigns as Home Secretary 20 Oct Truss announces resignation |
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2021 |
EU UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement Siobhan Keegan becomes Lady Chief Justice NI |
6 January attack on Capitol
Germany pays Namibia compensation for Herero genocide |
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2020 |
New Decade New Approach – return of NI institutions Lord Reed becomes President of UK Supreme Court |
Election of Biden in the US | |
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2019 |
12 Dec 2019 UK General election EU UK Withdrawal Agreement including: Ireland /Northern Ireland Protocol Miller 2 / Cherry prorogation case July May resigns and Johnson becomes PM |
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2018 |
UN HCHR Michelle Bachelet Chile 2018- | ||
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2017 |
EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 8 June UK general election Elections for NI Assembly Miller Judgment Baroness Hale becomes President of UK Supreme Court 2017-2020 |
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2016 |
23 June Referendum on EU Membership; Cameron resigns; May becomes Prime Minister. Elections for NI Assembly; Scottish Parliament; Welsh Assembly |
Election of Donald Trump | |
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2015 |
Election: Cons. majority govt, Cameron becomes PM. Promises: repeal of HRA; new Bill of Rights; EU referendum UKSC: Evans (Prince Charles’ letters); SG (Housing benefit); Pham. House of Commons Commission Act |
Ireland: Referendum on same-sex marriage | |
|
2014 |
Scottish independence referendum UKSC: HS2 case; Agricultural Sector (Wales) Bill – Reference by the Attorney General for England ([2014] UKSC 43); R (Nicklinson) v. Ministry of Justice ([2014] UKSC 38) Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014; Wales Act
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CJEU: Opinion 2/13; AMS; Digital Rights Ireland;Glatzel, Wolfgang v. Freistaat Bayern (Case C-356/12)
ECtHR: Al-Nashiri; SAS v France Russia annexes Crimea |
US Senate: Torture Report
Hong Kong: Umbrella revolution UN HCHR Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, Jordan, 2014-2018 |
|
2013 |
Parliament debates Syria
Haass O’Sullivan talks ‘Petition of concern’ used to block censure of DUP minister |
Irl: Smithwick Tribunal
Portuguese Tr Cons invalidates part of budget |
USSC decides Shelby County v Holder; US v Windsor
UK pays compensation for Kenya torture |
|
2012 |
Referendums on local mayors Vote on Jeremy Hunt Lord Neuberger becomes Pres UKSC Grayling becomes LC/MoJ AG Larkin (NI) and ‘scandalising the courts’ Alvi case Bill of Rights Commission reports |
Irl: Mahon Tribunal Irl: Referendum on EU Fiscal Compact Irl: Constitutional Convention Ger FCC: Euro Stability Mechanism Hollande Fr President 2012- CJEU: Pringle case |
USSC considers health care reforms
Pakistan SC removes PM from office Egypt: Constitutional court dissolves Parliament; Morsi elected as President
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|
2011 |
Elections in Scotland, Wales and NI. SNP become majority party. Welsh Referendum on legislative powers under GWA 2006 UK wide Referendum on voting system Leveson inquiry begins work Commission on a Bill of Rights Draft House of Lords Reform Bill AXA case |
Ger FCC: Euro Rescue package ECtHR: Lautsi IESC: Denham becomes first female CJ Irl: Moriarty Tribunal Kenny Taoiseach 2011-2017 |
UN adopts Optional Protocol CRC(communications procedure) Egyptian Revolution Libyan civil war South Sudan comes into being
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|
2010 |
Hillsborough Agreement; Devolution of policing and justice to NI. May General election – Con Lib Dem coalition; Cameron becomes PM June Budget Kenneth Clarke becomes LC/MoJ Chaytor case Cadder case Constitutional Reform and Governance Act Claudy Report |
Debt crisis in some Eurozone countries Irish Bailout Ger FCC: Hartz IV IESC: Meadows Urban becomes Hungarian Prime Minister |
Dec- Arab Spring begins in Tunisia UN adopts CPPED (enforced disappearances) USSC: Citizens United |
|
2009 |
Supreme Court of the UK begins work; Lord Philips becomes first President of the SC Constitutional Reform and Governance Bill. Political Parties and Elections Act Report on Reform of the House of Commons |
Second Irish Referendum on Lisbon EU Reform Treaty (Lisbon) comes into force European Parliament elections Irl: Murphy Report; Ryan Report |
Pakistan SC declares state of emergency unconstitutional |
|
2008 |
Robinson (DUP) and McGuinness (SF) appointed to OFMDFM Lord Phillips becomes Senior Law Lord House of Lords rejects 42 day arrest NIHRC advice on a Bill of Rights Bancoult case Gentle case Draft Constitutional Renewal Bill UK Bill of Rights debate; NIHRC presents bill of rights advice to SOS NI |
Ireland rejects EU Reform Treaty (Lisbon) Irl: Bertie Ahern resigns as Taoiseach Irl: Morris tribunal Fr Const amended to provide for a ‘question prioritaire’ to FR CC Cowan Taoiseach 2008-2011 |
UN adopts OP ICESCR Can Gov Gen prorogues Parliament UNHCHR Navanethem Pillay, South Africa, 2008-2014
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|
2007 |
Elections in Scotland, Wales and NI Paisley (DUP) and McGuinness (SF) appointed to OFMDFM in NI SNP leader Salmond is First Minister of Scotland; SNP proposes referendum Ministry of Justice replaces DCA Gordon Brown becomes PM Straw becomes Lord Chancellor Governance of Britain paper |
EU considers treaty to reform the Union Romania and Bulgaria join EU Irl: McEntee report on investigations into Dublin and Monaghan bombings Sarkozy Fr President 2007-2012 |
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2006 |
Jones case Northern Ireland (St. Andrews Agreement) Act |
Ger FCC: Hijack law case Hung CC: Budget Act case IESC: A v Governor Arbour Hill Irl: Barr Tribunal |
UN Human Rights Council replaces Commission on Human Rights UN adopts CRPD (Disability) UN adopts Optional Protocol CRPD |
|
2005 |
General election. Blair re-elected Second Blunkett resignation IRA decommissions its arms according to IICD Nov 9. Govt defeated over 90 day arrest powers in Terrorism Bill Quintavalle case |
ECtHR decides Hirst v UK Merkel Chancellor Germany 2005- France and Netherlands reject Constitutional Treaty |
US: Bush nominates Roberts to USSC CJ
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|
2004 |
First Blunkett resignation Baroness Hale become first female Law Lord Richards Commission on Welsh devolution Referendum on North East devolution First Belmarsh case, A v. Home Office Ghaidan case Hunting Act (Bill passed by Parliament Act) Gender Recognition Act |
EU enlargement as ten countries join Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe signed Ukraine: Orange Revolution 2004-5 |
UNHCHR Louise Arbour, Canada, 2004-2008 |
|
`2003 |
Vote on Iraq intervention Cook resigns Elections in Scotland and Wales and NI. David Kelly suicide. Department for Constitutional Affairs DCA created Gov announces plans to abolish Lord Chancellor and introduce Supreme Court Lord Falconer Lord Chancellor 2003-2007 |
Nice Treaty comes into force Ireland incorporates ECHR via the ECHR Incorporation Act Georgia: Rose Revolution ECtHR: Refah Partisi |
UNHCHR Bertrand Ramcharan (Acting High Commissioner) 2003-2004 following assassination of De Mello Invasion of Iraq. Cambodia Court
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|
2002 |
Stormontgate NI Assembly suspended (2002-7) Morris resignation Robinson case Justice (Northern Ireland) Act |
IESC: Ardagh case Euro Second Irish Referendum on Nice |
UN HCHR Sergio Vieira de Mello, Brazil, 2002-2003 UN adoptions Optional Protocol CAT Special Court for Sierra Leone |
|
2001 |
General Election Second Mandelson resignation NI Assembly twice suspended for a day First act of decommissioning by IRA Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act Daly case UK ratifies Minority Languages Charter |
Irl: Standards in Public Office Act Treaty of Nice (EU) signed Irish referendum on Nice |
9/11 Invasion of Afghanistan
Formation of Caribbean Ct of Justice Ghana National Reconciliation Commission |
|
2000 |
NI Assembly suspended for 4 months Livingstone elected London mayor Lord Bingham becomes Senior Law Lord Lord Woolf is LCJ 2000-2005 Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act Human Rights Act enters into force Sexual Offences Amendment Act (Bill passed by Parliament Act) Lord Bingham appointed Senior Law Lord (2000-2008) |
EU: Charter of Fundamental Rights Serbia: End of Milosevic |
UN adopts Optional Protocol CRC and armed conflict; and OP sale of children Sierra Leone intervention US Presidential election; Bush wins after USSC decision in Bush v Gore SACC: Grootboom
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1999 |
Elections in Scotland and Wales White Paper on Modernising Government Wakeham Report on the House of Lords European Parliamentary Elections (Bill passed by Parliament Act) Pinochet case Simms case MacPherson Report on Stephen Lawrence murder |
Kosovo intervention Articles 2 and 3 of the Irish constitution amended European Commission resigns Irl: O’Flaherty (IESC) and Kelly (IEHC) resign Irl: Lindsay report |
UN adopts Optional Protocol CEDAW Second Liberian Civil War 1999-2003 |
|
1998 |
First Mandelson resignation First election of NI Assembly Good Friday / Belfast Agreement Jenkins Report on the voting system UK ratifies Framework Convention on National Minorities; Additional Protocols I and II to Geneva Convention Police (NI) Act
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Hung CC: 2nd Abortion case Hung CC: Social security case Schroeder Chancellor Ger 1998-2005 ECHR Protocol 11 creates permanent ECtHR and abolishes E Commission Human Rights. Russia ratifies ECHR
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Congo War / Great War of Africa 1998-2003 Adoption of the Rome Statute (International Criminal Court) SCC: Secession reference
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1997 |
General Election; New Labour comes to power Tony Blair becomes PM (Lab) Independence for Bank of England IRA reinstates ceasefire Lord Irvine LC 1997-2003 |
Treaty of Amsterdam (EU) signed Ahern Taoiseach 1997-2008 |
UN HCHR Mary Robinson, Ireland, 1997-2002 |
|
1996 |
Government survives vote on Scott Report by 320-319 Lord Woolf is MR 1996-2000 Scott Report into Arms to Iraq and Matrix Churchill Mitchell report on decommissioning (NI) NI (Entry to Neogotiations) Act |
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SACC: Certification process Constitution of South Africa |
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1995 |
Home Secretary Howard denies responsibility for operational decisions in Prisons Service. IRA ends ceasefire (Canary Wharf) Lord Steyn appointed a Law Lord (1995-2005) Lord Hoffmann appointed Law Lord First Report of the Committee on Standards in Public Life Fire Brigades Union case Framework Document; Joint communique (UK, Irl) |
Srebrenica Massacre COE: National Minorities Convention Irl: Ethics in Public Office Act Austria, Finland, Sweden join EU Schengen Agreement IESC: Abortion Information case IESC: McKenna Irl: Divorce referendum succeeds |
World Trade Organisation (WTO) replaces GATT
SA: Truth and Reconciliation commission established Chirac Fr President 1995-2007 |
|
1994 |
Cash for questions scandal Privatisation of British Rail begins Major creates Committee on Standards in Public Life, initially under Lord Nolan Paramilitary ceasefires in NI |
Irl: Beef Tribunal Irl: Whelehan resigns from HC; Reynolds resigns as Toiseach Irl: Section 31 ban lifted Clinton appoints Senator Mitchell as an envoy to NI Ger FCC: Soldiers serving abroad case; Ger FCC: Brunner Hung CC: Abortion case Bruton Taoiseach 1994-97 |
UN First HCHR José Ayala-Lasso, Ecuador, 1994-1997 Rwandan Genocide; ICTR Democratic elections in South Africa; South Africa rejoins Commonwealth Palestinian Authority
|
|
1993 |
Conservative policy of “Back to Basics” Labour publishes proposals for constitutional reform Major calls for and wins vote of confidence over Maastricht (23 july) Downing Street Declaration (NI) M v. Home Office (Ministers can be held in contempt of court) Ex p Bentley Ex p Rees Mogg |
Ger FCC: Abortion Velvet divorce (Czech Republic and Slovakia) |
South African Interim Constitution
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|
1992 |
General election; Cons. Re-elected Black Wednesday – UK withdraws from European Exchange Rate mechanism R. v. Henderson – Matrix Churchill prosecution (Arms to Iraq) |
Bosnian War 1992-95 Treaty on European Union (Maastricht treaty) signed IESC: X case Irl: Abortion referendums Fr CC: Maastricht decisions Hung CC: Retroactivity case Reynolds Taoiseach 1992-94 Mani pulite (clean hands) investigations in Italy |
USSC: Casey
Israeli Basic Law on Human Dignity and Liberty
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|
1991 |
Liberty publishes ‘A People’s Charter’ War Crimes Act 1991 (Bill passed by Parliament Act) Ex p Brind (status of ECHR) |
End of USSR |
US and allied troops expel Iraq from Kuwait US: Thomas nomination
|
|
1990 |
Thatcher resigns; Major becomes PM (Con) Factortame case |
Hung CC: Death penalty case German Reunification OSCE: Copenhagen Concluding Statement OSCE: Charter of Paris McGimspey v. Ireland, Irish Supreme Court |
UN adopts Migrant Workers’ Convention Iraq invades Kuwait NZ: Bill of Right Act
Mandela released Namibian independence |
|
1989 |
Fall of the Berlin Wall. OSCE: Vienna Concluding Document |
UN adopts 2nd OP ICCPR (death penalty) UN: CRC (Child) First Liberian Civil War 1989-96 Tiananmen Square |
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1988 |
Poll tax controversy Liberal Party merges with Social Democrats to form Liberal Democrats Currie resignation Butler Sloss becomes first female CA judge Broadcasting ban Next Steps report Merchant Shipping Act |
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1987 |
General election. Thatcher re-elected PM. (Con) Lord Mackay LC 1987-1997 Ex p Northumbria Police Authority SACHR Report on discrimination |
COE Convention for the Prevention of Torture IESC: Crotty Haughey Taoiseach 1987-92 |
US: Bork Nomination
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|
1986 |
Greater London Council abolished Westland affair; Heseltine resigns Shops (Gov) Bill defeated on second reading |
Single European Act (Treaty) Ger FCC: Solange II Portugal and Spain join EEC Fr: Cohabitation ECtHR: Lingens v Austria |
SCC: R v Oakes (proportionality test) ICJ: Nicaragua Rose Bird (CJ, Cal SC)loses reconfirmation vote Philippines: People Power
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1985 |
Representation of the People Act Interception of Communications Ac |
Gorbachev (USSR) |
Canada: Human Rights Act
|
|
1984 |
Miners’ Strike 1984-5 |
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UN adopts CAT (Torture) UN Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace 1984, UN A/RES/39/11
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1983 |
General Election. Thatcher re-elected PM. (Con) Secretary of State for NI Prior avoids resignation over Maze breakout Thatcher makes Whitelaw a hereditary peer |
Irl: Rights of the Unborn referendum Ger FCC: Pershing and Cruise missiles Ger: Kohl manipulates constructive vote of no confidence to call election |
South African Constitution
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1982 |
NI Assembly 1982-86 Lord Carrington resigns as Foreign secretary after Argentine invades Falklands Northern Ireland Act |
Kohl Chancellor W Ger/Ger 1982-1998 Haughey Taiseach Mar-Dec 1982; GUBU scandal; Phone tap scandal; Fitzgerald Taoiseach 1982-1987 |
Falklands war. Canada Constitution Act and Charter of Rights and Freedoms Israeli invasion of Lebanon
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1981 |
Hunger Strike Riots in Brixton and elsewhere Supreme Court Act |
Greece joins EEC Fitzgerald Taoiseach 1981-2 Poland: Solidarity Strike Mitterand Fr President 1981-1995 |
African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights Military coup in Spain fails Canadian Supreme Court rules that constitutional conventions cannot be legally enforced (Patriation reference) US: O’Connor becomes first woman on SC
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1980 |
Iran Iraq war 1980 – 1988 UN Comm HR creates Working Group on Enforced Disappearances
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1979 |
Devolution referenda in Scotland and Wales General Election following a vote of no confidence (Callaghan lost by one vote) Thatcher becomes PM. (Con) Select committees reformed Lord Hailsham LC 1979-1987
|
Ger FCC: School prayer case Direct elections to European Parliament Haughey Taoiseach 1979-81 |
UN adopts CEDAW
Iran Hostage crisis 1979-1981
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1978 |
HL Select Committee on a Bill of Rights (App VII) “Winter of discontent” strikes |
Spanish constitution |
USSC: Bakke Vietnam invades Kampuchea Uganda-Tanzania war |
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1977 |
Lord Scarman appointed Law Lord 1977-86 SACHR report on a bill of rights |
Lynch Taoiseach 1977-9 |
Additional Protocols to the Geneva conventions
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1976 |
Callaghan becomes PM (Lab) Government calls in the IMF SACHR discussion paper on a Bill of Rights Race Relations Act Fair Employment (NI) Act |
Irl: O Dalaigh resignation Irl: Sallins Mail Robbery Ger FCC: Abortion case |
Indian SC: Gandhi case
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1975 |
Referendum on EEC membership; Ministerial and other Salaries Act Sex Discrimination Act |
Death of Gen. Franco (Spain) Ger FCC: Abortion case Ger FCC: Interdenominational schools case Fr CdeC: Cafe Jacques Vabre Fr CC: Abortion case ECtHR Golder judgment. |
Governor General dismisses Prime Minister of Australia
Indonesia invades East Timor ICJ: Western Sahara |
|
1974 |
General election: Feb; Hung Parliament; Lab wins more seats though fewer votes; Wilson (Lab) becomes PM. Ulster Workers Council strike brings down NI power sharing government in May General Election: Oct; Wilson becomes PM (Lab) Scarman’s Hamlyn lectures ‘English Law-The New Dimension’ |
Reform of power to refer bills to Fr CC Giscard-d’Estaing Fr President 1974-81 3 May 1974 France ratifies ECHR Schmidt Chancellor W Ger 1974-1982 |
USSC: US v Nixon Nixon resigns UN Declaration on a New International Economic Order UN Charter on Economic Rights and Duties of States Sixth Pan-African Conference, Dar-Es-Salaam |
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1973 |
UK, Denmark and Ireland join EEC Kilbrandon Report (Royal Commission on the Constitution) |
UK, Denmark and Ireland join EEC IESC: McGee L Cosgrave Taoiseach 1973-7 Italy accepts jurisdiction of ECtHR and individual petition. |
Oil Crisis US: War Powers Act USSC: Roe v Wade
Indian SC: Fundamental Features case Yom Kippur War Chilean coup
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1972 |
Bloody Sunday Stormont prorogued Widgery report on Bloody Sunday R (Hume) v Londonderry Magistrates |
IESC: Byrne v Ireland Referendum removes the “special position” of the Catholic Church from the Irish Constitution Henchy appointed to IESC 1972-1988 |
Nixon nominates Rehnquist to USSC 1972-2005
Nixon visits China |
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1971 |
Faulkner PM of NI, 1971-2 Internment in NI The Housing Executive Act (Northern Ireland) 1971A Record of Constructive Change,Compton Report |
Fr CC: Liberty of Association Ger FCC: Mephisto case |
Rawls publishes A Theory of Justice India: East Pakistan intervention ICJ: Namibia |
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1970 |
General election: Edward Heath becomes PM (Con) Lord Hailsham LC 1970-74 Equal Pay Act Criminal Justice (Temporary Provisions) Act (Northern Ireland) 1970 Prevention of Incitement to Hatred Act (Northern Ireland) 1970 |
ECJ: Internationale Handelsgesellschaft Irl: Arms Crisis |
UN Resolution 2625 Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations 1970, UN UN ECOSOC Resolution 1503 creates complaint procedure for Comm HR. ICJ: Barcelona Traction
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1969 |
The “Troubles” Chichester-Clark PM of NI, 1969-71 Community Relations Act (Northern Ireland) Cameron Report on Disturbances in NI |
Fr: De Gaulle resigns after losing referendum Pompidou Fr President 1969-74 Brandt Chancellor W Ger 1969-1974 |
OAS: American Convention on Human Rights US: Nixon nominates Burger to USSC CJ 1969-86 Stonewall (NY) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Golda Meir becomes PM of Israel 1969-74
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1968 |
Lord Diplock appointed Law Lord (1968-85) Civil rights marches in NI Fulton report into Civil Service reform Madzimbamuto case on parliamentary sovereignty, and conventions (Rhodesian UDI) Powell’s Rivers of Blood speech Padfield case Anisminic case |
Irl: People reject change to voting system Prague Spring May 68 France ECtHR Belgian Linguistics case |
ML King assassinated Tet offensive; My Lai Tehran World Conference on Hum Rts |
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1967 |
Formation of NI Civil Rights Association |
Nyerere and Arusha Declaration of African Socialism Nigeria – Biafra War Johnson nominates Thurgood Marshall to USSC UN Comm HR creates ad hoc group to examine human rights in South Africa |
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1966 |
General Election. Wilson becomes PM (Lab) UKHL Practice Statement on precedent UK accepts individual petition (ECHR) and the ECtHR’s jurisdiction |
Foucault’s The Order of Things Lynch Taoiseach 1966-73 Kiesinger Chancellor W Ger 1966-69 |
UN adopts the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights. USSC: Miranda National Organization of Woman ICJ: South West Africa (Liberia v SA) (Tanaka diss)
Indira Gandhi becomes PM of India 1966-77
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1965 |
Lemass visits Northern Ireland
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IESC: Ryan |
Rhodesia – Unilateral Declaration of Independence UN: Race Discrimination Convention
USSC: Grisworld v Connecticut |
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1964 |
General Election. Harold Wilson becomes PM (Lab) Lord Wilberforce appointed Law Lord 1964-82 Burmah Oil Co case |
IESC: State (Quinn) v Ryan ECJ decision in Costa v ENEL on supremacy |
USSC: NY Times v Sullivan USSC: Reynolds v Sims
US: Civil Rights Act Anti Vietnam War movement US |
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1963 |
Douglas-Home becomes PM (Con) (has to renounce his peerage) Profumo scandal O’Neill PM of NI 1963-69 Denning Report into Profumo affair Peerage Act |
Van Gend & Loos decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) establishes direct effect De Gaulle vetoes UK entry to EEC Erhad Chancellor of WGer 1963-1966 |
March on Washington Kenyan independence
CIA supported Baathist coup in Iraq |
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1962 |
Sheelagh Murnaghan calls for a Bill of Rights (NI Stormont) |
Fr: Referendum on direct presidential elections |
USSC: Engel v Vitale (School Prayer) Second Vatican Council 1962-5 Sino-Indian War |
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1961 |
Lord Devlin appointed Law Lord 1961-64 Hart publishes The Concept of Law Amnesty Int’l formed
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European Social Charter (COE) Irl: Walsh appointed to IESC 1961-1990; O Dalaigh becomes CJ Fr: Generals’ Putsch First ECtHR judgment: O Laighleis / Lawless |
Canadian Bill of Rights
Bay of Pigs
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1960 |
Cyprus becomes independent |
UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples 1960, UN A/RES/1514 (XV) U-2 shot down by USSR South Africa: Sharpeville Massacre Bandaranaike becomes PM of Sri Lanka (first female PM anywhere) |
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1959 |
General Election. Macmillan becomes PM (Con) Devlin Report on policing in Nyasaland |
Lemass Toiseach 1959-1966 | Tibetan uprising
3 March Hola camp massacre (Kenya) |
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1958 |
Life Peerages Act, allowed for female peers Notting Hill race riots |
Irl: People reject change to voting system Algiers Putsch De Gaulle – last PM of IV Republic Constitution of the French Fifth Republic Ger FCC: Luth case |
Hart / Fuller Debate in Harvard LR |
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1957 |
Eden resigns. MacMillan becomes PM (Con). Franks Report on Tribunals Wolfenden Report; Hart Devlin debate |
Treaty of Rome creates European Economic Community (EEC)
De Valera 1957-9 Taoiseach |
Little Rock
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1956 |
Suez War NI Gov Why the Border must be: The Northern Ireland case in brief |
Hungarian Uprising Ger FCC: Communist Party case |
Nasser becomes President of Egypt Suez War
Eisenhower nominates Brennan to USSC 1956-1990 Battle of Algiers |
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1955 |
General Election. Eden becomes PM (Con) |
26 Oct 1955 Italy ratifies ECHR |
Rosa Parks arrested Vietnam War 1955?-1975 EOKA campaign Cyprus 1955-59 |
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1954 |
Crichel Down affair, Dugdale resigns Viscount Simonds appointed Law Lord 1954-1962 |
Costello Taoiseach 1954-7 |
USSC: Brown v Board of Education Algerian War of Independence 1954-62 Battle of Dien Bien Phu CIA-supported coup in Guatemala Operation Anvil in Kenya intends 27,000
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1953 |
MacCormick v. Lord Advocate |
O Dalaigh appointed to IESC (1953-1974) 3 Sept 1953 ECHR comes into force after 10 ratifications |
US and UK overthrow Iranian Prime Minster Mossadeq Eisenhower nominates Warren to USSC 1953-1969
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1952 |
Accession of Elizabeth II Britain tests a nuclear weapon 3 Nov UK ratifies First Protocol ECHR |
Ger FCC: Socialist Reich Party case |
Mau Mau war (Kenya) 1952-60 Egyptian Revolution |
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1951 |
General election. Churchill becomes PM (Con) (though Labour won more votes in the election) UK ratifies ECHR 8 March 1951 |
Treaty of Paris De Valera Taoiseach 1951-54 |
Refugee Convention
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1950 |
General election. Attlee re-elected PM (Lab) Lauterpacht publishes International Law and Human Rights |
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (COE treaty) opened for signature 4 Nov 1950 17 June COE Senior Official Report on draft ECHR 9 May Schuman Declaration |
25 June Korean War, 1950-53 |
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1949 |
Parliament Act (Bill passed by Parliament Act) Ireland Act recognises the Irish Republic and guarantees NI’s position within UK |
5 Nov COE Committee of Ministers creates Committee of Legal Experts
29 August 1949 – USSR tests atomic bomb
19 Aug COE Consultative Assembly considers debate on. European Convention July European Movement publishes a draft European Convention on Human Rights 8 May German Basic Law “Grundgesetz” 5 May Formation of Council of Europe (COE) 4 April NATO Treaty Adenauer Chancellor W Ger 1949-1963 Beauvoir’s Second Sex (French) |
26 Nov Adoption of India: Constitution 1 October 1949 People’s Republic of China Geneva Conventions South Africa retains Namibia after a fake referendum
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1948 |
Creation of National Health Service Lord Reid appointed as Law Lord (1948-75) Orwell’s 1984 Nationality Act |
1 January 1948 Italian Constitution comes into force
Sept 1948 Western Union (later Western European Union) formed 24 June 1948-12 May 1949 Berlin Airlift 7-11 May Congress of Europe in The Hague. Churchill’s speech 17 March 1948 Treaty of Brussels
21 February Czechoslovakia: coup
8 February 1948 Hungarian bishop sentenced for treason
Costello Taoiseach 1948-1951 Ireland describes itself as a Republic
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1 February creation of Malaya Malayan emergency 1948-1960 Cold War late 1940s to 1989 10 Dec UN General Assembly adopts Universal Declaration on Human Rights End of UK mandate in Palestine; State of Israel created 2 May OAS adopts American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Genocide Convention Skinner’s Walden Two |
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1947 |
Crown Proceedings Act |
Camus’ The Plague 22 December 1947 Italian Constituent Assembly adopts a new Constitution. |
India and Pakistan – partition and independence Mar 1947 – Feb 1949 Malagasy Uprising against France ECOSOC decides UN Commission HR has no power to consider complaints. ECOSOC Resolution 75 (V) (1947) |
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1946 |
Nationalisation of British Coal, the Railways, the Bank of England Lord Goddard appointed LCJ 1946-58 National Health Service Act UKUSA treaty on surveillance |
January 1946 De Gaulle resigns 5 May 1946 French voters reject constitution in a referendum; 2 June 1946 new Constituent Assembly elected 27 Oct: Constitution of the French Fourth Republic (1946-58) 2 June 1946 Italian referendum on a monarchy or a republic; election of constituent assembly; also Italian general election. Women allowed to vote in Italy for the first time.
Greek civil war 1946-49 |
French Indochina War 1946-54 ICJ begins work Tokyo Court and trials February British troops kill Cairo demonstrators |
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1945 |
5 July General election. Attlee becomes PM (Lab) Orwell’s Animal Farm Salisbury Convention Lauterpacht publishes An International Bill of Rights All Colonial Peoples’ Conference June 1945, London Fifth Pan-African Conference, October, Manchester |
21 Oct 1945 elections for Constituent Assembly in France Radbruch renounces pure legal positivism |
Nuremburg Court and Trials Formation of United Nations, Charter signed 26 June in San Francisco Indonesian War of Independence 1945-49 (UK involvement 45-46); British troops in Indochina 1945-6 February-March Chapultepec Conference Fifth Pan-African Conference, October, Manchester
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1944 |
Denning appointed to High Court Lord Goddard appointed Law Lord 1944-46 Hayek’s Road to Serfdom |
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Bretton Woods agreements establishes the International Monetary Fund (IMF), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the precursor of the World Bank USSC: Korematsu ILO Declaration of Philadelphia 1 February 1944 Irgun announces campaign against British 11 Jan FDR’s Second Bill of Rights speech Adorno and Horkheimer: Dialectic of Enlightenment
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1943 |
Brooke PM of NI 1943-63 |
Bengal famine 1943-44 | |
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1942 |
Beveridge Report on social security |
Camus’ L’Etranger |
1 January 1942 Declaration by United Nations Neumann’s Behemoth August Congress – Quit India Movement 15 February Surrender of Singapore to the Japanese |
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1941 |
Liversidge v Anderson |
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6 Jan FDR’s Four Freedoms Speech |
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1940 |
Churchill (Con) becomes PM (National government) Andrews PM of NI 1940-43 Wells publishes The Rights of Man |
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1939 |
Emergency Powers Acts 1939-40
Official Secrets Act Defence Regulation 18B May UK reverses course on Balfour Declaration |
Irl: Offences against the State Act Joyce’s Finnegan’s Wake |
World War 2, 1939-45
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1938 |
USSC: Carolene Products |
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1937 |
Chamberlain (Con) becomes PM (National government) |
Constitution of Ireland De Valera Taoiseach 1937-1948 |
US: Court packing plan USSC: West Coast Parish
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1936 |
Accession (and abdication) of Edward VIII Accession of George VI Keynes publishes his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money |
Germany occupies Rhineland 1936-39 Spanish civil War Soviet Union: Constitution Italy conquers Abyssinia Irl: Abolition of Senate |
Palestinian revolt 1936-1939 |
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1935 |
General election. Baldwin (Con) becomes PM (National government) Government of India Act |
IESC: State (Ryan) v Lennon Germany: Reich Citizenship Law, Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour (Nuremberg laws) |
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1934 |
NCCL formed |
Kelsen publishes The Pure Theory of Law (in German) |
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1933 |
Hitler appointed Chancellor Irl: Removal of oath |
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1932 |
Huxley’s Brave New World Vauxhall Estates case Trethowan case JCPC
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De Valera Pres Exec Council (Ir Free State) 1932-1937 |
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1931 |
General election. MacDonald (Lab) becomes PM (National Government Statute of Westminster recognises legislative autonomy of dominions |
Second Spanish Republic |
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1930 |
March Gandhi’s march against salt laws JCPC decides Edwards v Canada |
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|
1929 |
General election. MacDonald becomes PM (Lab) Bondfield becomes first female Minister Lord Hewart publishes The New Despotism NI abolishes PR for Stormont elections (consideration given to Royal Veto). |
1929-32 Great Depression 1929 Institute of Int’l Law: Declaration of the International Rights of Man |
|
|
1928 |
Lord Atkin appointed Law Lord 1928-44 Equal Franchise Act |
Kelsen publishes article on ‘La garantie juridictionnelle de la constitution’ |
|
|
1927 |
Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act
Simon Commission established to look at governance in India |
Heisenberg uncertainty principle |
Fourth Pan-African Conference |
|
1926 |
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|
1925 |
Boundary Crisis Reintroduction of Gold Standard Roberts v Hopwood |
Kafka’s The Trial |
Reza Khan proclaims himself Shah of Iran, with British support May-June British face protests in Shanghai as part of May 30 Movement
|
|
1924 |
Jan: Baldwin loses vote of no confidence. Jan. MacDonald becomes PM – first Labour Government. MacDonald loses vote of confidence. Communist scare; Zinoview letter. General election (Oct). Baldwin becomes PM 1924-29 (Con) Ellen Street Estate case |
Death of Lenin |
British show of strength in Egypt following assassination of head of Egyptian army |
|
1923 |
May Bonar Law diagnosed with cancer Baldwin becomes PM May 1923-Jan 1924 (Con) General election (Dec). |
Schmitt publishes The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy (German) Munich Putsch Treaty of Lausanne Republic of Turkey Third Pan-African Conference |
|
|
1922 |
Lloyd George and sale of honours General election. Bonar Law becomes PM (Con). Craig PM of NI 1922-40 Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922, Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922 |
Mussolini comes to power Irish Free State comes into being; IFS Constitution Irish Civil War (1922-3) Schmitt publishes Political Theology (German) Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) Weber’s Economy and Society (German) WT Cosgrave Pres Exec Council (Ir Free State) 1922-1932 |
February Egypt becomes formally independent February Gandhi calls off protest movement and is arrested in March |
|
1921 |
Election for the Parliament of NI; NI Parliament opts out of the Irish Free State Lord Carson appointed Law Lord 1921-29 9 July Anglo-Irish truce 6 Dec Anglo-Irish Treaty |
Second Pan-African Conference |
February British support coup to install Reza Khan in Iran as Commander-in-Chief
August 1921 – Feb 1922 British crush Moplah revolt in India August – British install Hashemite King Faisal in Iraq November 1921 general strike greets Prince of Wales visit to India 1921-1922 Washington Naval Conference on disarmament |
|
1920 |
Government of Ireland Act (Cain version) AG v De Keyser’s Hotel Official Secrets Act 21 November Bloody Sunday in Dublin 11 Dec Burning of Cork |
Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after WW1 1920-23 Austrian Constitutional Court Battle of Warsaw |
Formation of All-India Trade Union Congress April League of Nation approves UK mandates in Iraq and Palestine April Rioting in Jerusalem June-October British crush Iraqi rebellion |
|
1919 |
January – Irish Sinn Fein MPs meet in Dublin; announce Declaration of Independence, Democratic Programme and a Constitution. 1919-1921 Anglo-Irish War Lady Astor – first woman to sit as an MP Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act Government of India Act; Rowlatt Acts |
Germany: Weimar constitution Treaty of Versailles League of Nations formed First Pan-African Conference petitioned Versailles conference |
April British suppress revolt in Egypt 13 April Amritsar (Jallianwala Bagh) massacre in India International Labour Organisation formed 1919-1921 UK Afghan clashes British suppress rebellion in Kurdistan USSC: Abrams |
|
1918 |
November General election. Lloyd George (Lib) becomes PM (Coalition). Sinn Fein replaces Home Rule Party in Ireland. Prime ministerial power of dissolution Markiewicz first woman MP (abstentionist) Representation of the People Act |
German Revolution Soviet Union: Declaration of the Rights of Working People and the Exploited Britain and others intervene in Russian Civil War 1918-20 Joyce’s Ulysses |
British establish new institutions in Iraq |
|
1917 |
Chequers Estate Act
Balfour Declaration announces support for Jewish homeland in Palestine |
February Revolution, Russia.
October Revolution, Russia. Russian Civil War 1917-23 |
Mexico: constitution UK seizes Baghdad |
|
1916 |
Easter Rising in Dublin; Proclamation of the Republic; executions of rebel leaders Dec. Lloyd George (Lib) becomes PM (Coalition). Dec. Formation of Cabinet Secretariat Sykes-Picot Agreement |
Lenin’s Imperialism |
Sykes-Picot Agreement |
|
1915 |
Asquith forms coalition government (May 1915-Dec 1916)
Sinking of Lusitania |
Kafka’s Metamorphosis Gallipoli campaign 1915-16 |
|
|
1914 |
Curragh Mutiny Welsh Church Act (Bill passed by Parliament Act) 1914 Suspensory Act |
|
World War 1 1914-18 |
|
1913 |
Lord Sumner appointed Law Lord 1913-30 Mental Health Act |
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|
1912 |
Home Rule Bill and Crisis (Bill passed by Parliament Act) |
|
|
|
1911 |
National Insurance Act |
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|
1910 |
Accession of George V General election – Jan: HH Asquith becomes PM (Lib) General election – Dec. HH Asquith becomes PM (Lib) Churchill Home Secretary 1910-11 |
Japan annexes Korea | |
|
“People’s Budget” triggers conflict between Commons and Lords South Africa Act |
|
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|
1908 |
Asquith becomes PM (Lib). Lloyd George becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer (1908-1915) |
Pound publishes ‘Mechanical Jurisprudence’ |
|
|
1907 |
Married Women’s Property Act |
Swiss Civil Code |
Central American Court of Justice 1907-1917
|
|
1906 |
General election. Campbell-Bannerman becomes PM (Liberal) Labour Party born from former Labour Representation Committee Trade Disputes Act |
|
British expedition against Nadi (Kenya) |
|
1905 |
Einstein publishes papers on physics including relativity Russia grants a Duma |
USSC: Lochner British expedition against Nadi (Kenya) |
|
|
1904 |
Angle-French Entente Cordiale |
Weber’s Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism begins to appear (German) |
Casement Report Congo Reform Association Herero and Nama genocide 1904-1907 (Germany) Russo-Japanese War 1904-5 British expedition against Kikuyu |
|
1903 |
British expedition to Tibet | ||
|
1902 |
Balfour becomes PM (Con). |
||
|
1901 |
Accession of Edward VII |
Duguit’s The State, Objective Law and Subjective Law (in French). |
Boxer rebellion suppressed by international alliance |
|
1900 |
General election. Salisbury becomes PM (Con). Salisbury was the last PM to be a peer. |
German Civil Code (BGB) |
|
|
1899 |
Second Boer War, 1899-1902 |
Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams |
Second Boer War, 1899-1902
|
|
1898 |
Fashoda Incident Battle of Omdurman – 2 September 1898 |
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|
1897 |
Greece permits judicial review of legislation (first European example) |
Holmes publishes ‘The Path of Law’
|
|
|
1896 |
USSC: Plessy v Ferguson |
||
|
1895 |
General election. Salisbury becomes PM (Con) |
||
|
1894 |
Rosebery becomes PM (Lib) |
Dreyfus affair 1894-1906 |
First Sino-Japanese War 1894-5 |
|
1893 |
Second Home Rule Bill Married Women’s Property Act |
|
New Zealand grants women the right to vote |
|
1892 |
General election. Gladstone becomes PM (Lib) |
||
|
1891 |
Rerum Novarum Rights and Duties of Capital and Labour | ||
|
1889 |
Parnell Commission report | ||
|
1887 |
Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals. |
|
|
|
1886 |
Government defeated in Commons by Liberals and Irish Home Rule party: Gladstone becomes PM (Lib) First Home Rule Bill General election. Salisbury becomes PM (Con). |
|
|
|
1885 |
General election. Salisbury becomes PM (Con) Creation of Scottish Office Dicey’s Law of the Constitution Redistribution of Seats Act |
|
Berlin Conference – Scramble for Africa Khartoum under Gordon falls to the Mahdi 26 Jan 1885 |
|
1884 |
Representation of the People Act (Third Reform Act) Order in council prohibits civil servants running for election |
|
|
|
1883 |
Formation of Special (Irish) Branch |
USSC: Civil rights Cases |
|
|
1882 |
Married Women’s Property Act |
|
Anglo-French forces dispatched to Egypt in May; bombardment of Alexandria; Battle of Tel-El-Kebir 13 Sept 1882 |
|
1881 |
|
Army forces Khedive to appoint a nationalist government in Egypt | |
|
1880 |
April General election. Gladstone becomes PM (Lib) First Boer War 1880-1881 |
Bolivia: Constitution First Boer War 1880-1881 |
|
|
1879 |
Gladstone’s ‘Midlothian’ campaign
Anglo-Zulu War; Battle of Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift |
USSC: Strauder v W Va Anglo-Zulu War; Battle of Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift Tewfik replaces Ismail as Khedive (Egypt) |
|
|
1876 |
Appellate Jurisdiction Act allows for Lords of Appeal (Law Lords) |
|
|
|
1875 |
French Constitutional Laws (III Republic) |
Egypt shares share in Suez Canal to UK |
|
|
1874 |
General election. Disraeli becomes PM (Con) |
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|
1873 |
Slave Trade Act Corrupt and Illegal Practices Preventions Act Supreme Court of Judicature Acts 1873-5 reform courts Ashanti campaign 1873-4 |
|
Ashanti campaign 1873-4 |
|
1872 |
Secret Ballot Act |
Jhering publishes The Struggle for Law (German) |
|
|
1871 |
Lee v. Bude & Torrington Junction Rly Co |
Paris Commune French Third Republic 1871-1940 Unification of Germany |
|
|
1870 |
Married Women’s Property Act Elementary Education Act |
Franco-Prussian War 1870-71 |
|
|
1869 |
Irish Church Disestablishment Act |
|
|
|
1868 |
Disraeli becomes PM (Con) (Feb-Dec). General election (Dec). Gladstone becomes PM (Lib) 1868-74. Gladstone government begins reform to Civil Service and Army. Chorlton v. Lings: Reform Acts do not enfranchise women British expedition to Ethiopia |
|
14th Amendment to the US Constitution – equal protection of the laws, due process, citizenship Meiji Restoration in Japan |
|
1867 |
Bagehot publishes The English Constitution Representation of the People Act (Second Reform Act) British North America Act – Canada born |
|
Morant Bay uprising (Jamaica) |
|
1866 |
Derby becomes PM (Con) 1866-68. |
Prussia and Italy at war with Austria. |
Ismail, Khedive of Egypt creates Chamber of Notables |
|
1865 |
General election. Russell becomes PM (Lib) Colonial Laws Validity Act |
|
US: Thirteenth amdt passes Congress. Morant Bay uprising |
|
1864 |
Syllabus of errors: Pope condemns liberalism | ||
|
1863 |
US: Emancipation Proclamation |
||
|
1860 |
Mill publishes Considerations on Representative Government |
Plebiscites in parts of Italy favour union with Piedmont. Garibaldi takes Naples. Cavour recalled. Piedmont invades Papal states. First Italian parliament in Turin. |
Third Opium War |
|
1859 |
General election. Palmerston becomes PM (Lib) Whigs become Liberal Party Mill publishes On Liberty Darwin’s On the Origin of Species |
Revolutions in Tuscany, Modena, Parma. Piedmont Austrian war |
British defeat at Dagu forts (China) Construction of Suez Canal 1859-1869 |
|
1858 |
Derby becomes PM (Con) |
Treaty of Tientsin (China, UK, France, Russia, US)
Treaty of Yedo (Japan UK) |
|
|
1857 |
General election. Palmerston becomes PM (Whig) |
Indian rebellion (mutiny)
Second Opium War |
|
|
1856 |
Second Opium War |
USSC: Scott v Sanford Second Opium War |
|
|
1855 |
Palmerston becomes PM. |
||
|
1854 |
|||
|
1853 |
Northcote-Trevelyan Report into Civil Service |
Crimean War, 1853-6 |
Argentina: Constitution |
|
1852 |
Derby becomes PM (Con) Feb-Dec 1852 General election. Derby continues as minority gov. PM Aberdeen becomes PM (Coalition) 1852-55. Dickens’ Bleak House British Invasion of Burma 1852-3 |
Fr: Constitution (Empire) |
British Invasion of Burma 1852-3 |
|
1851 |
Crystal Palace exhibition
Ernest Jones publishes ‘The New World’ |
Louis Napoleon coup |
Taipeng rebellion in China 1850-54 |
|
1848 |
Young Ireland Rebellion Anglo-Sikh War 1848-49 |
Revolutions in France and across Europe French II Republic (1848-51), Constitution Marx and Engels publish the Communist Manifesto |
Anglo-Sikh War 1848-49 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments |
|
1847 |
General election. Russell becomes PM (Whig) |
||
|
1846 |
Repeal of Corn Laws. Xhosa War 1846-7 |
||
|
1845 |
Irish Famine 1845-9 Anglo-Sikh War 1845-46 |
Anglo-Sikh War 1845-46 | |
|
1844 |
Marx’s On the Jewish Question |
|
|
|
1843 |
|
British conquest of Sind.
Treaty of the Bogue – China recognises extraterritorial rights to British in China |
|
|
1842 |
Edinburgh & Dalkleith Railway case, courts must give effect to statutes |
|
Treaty of Nanking cedes Hong Kong to the British, required China to compensate Britain for confiscated opium |
|
1841 |
General Election. Peel becomes PM (Con) |
||
|
1839 |
First Opium War British Invasion of Afghanistan 1839-42 |
First Opium War
British Invasion of Afghanistan 1839-42 |
|
|
1838 |
People’s Charter Abolition of apprenticeships for ex-slaves |
||
|
1837 |
Accession of Queen Victoria General election. Melbourne becomes PM (Whig) Dickens’ Oliver Twist |
||
|
1835 |
General election. Melbourne becomes PM (Whig) Tories become the Conservative Party |
||
|
1834 |
Melbourne becomes PM (Whig) July-Nov 1834. Melbourne was the last PM to be dismissed by the monarch. Wellington PM Nov-Dec. Peel becomes PM (Con) Dec 1834-April 1835 Peel’s Tamworth Manifesto Abolition of slavery comes into effect
|
||
|
1833 |
Slavery Abolition Act |
|
|
|
1832 |
General election. Grey becomes PM (Whig) Great Reform Act Austin publishes The Province of Jurisprudence Determined |
|
|
|
1831 |
General election. Grey becomes PM (Whig) Jamaica Slave Revolt starts 27 Dec 1831 |
Belgium: constitution. |
Jamaica Slave Revolt starts 27 Dec 1831 |
|
1830 |
Accession of William IV General election, Grey becomes PM (Whig) 1830-34. Only use of Act of Settlement procedure to remove judge |
Greek independence July Revolution in France French Charter |
|
|
1829 |
Metropolitan Police Act Roman Catholic Relief Act (Catholic emancipation) |
|
|
|
1828 |
Wellington becomes PM (Tory) 1828-1830 |
||
|
1827 |
Liverpool retires; Canning becomes PM (Tory) April-August. Goderich becomes PM (Tory) 1827-1828. |
||
|
1826 |
General election. Liverpool becomes PM (Tory) |
||
|
1825 |
|
France compels Haiti to pay reparations to ex-slaveholders | |
|
1824 |
Slave Trade Act |
|
British Invasion of Burma 1824-26 |
|
1823 |
Demerara slave revolt |
Demerara slave revolt |
|
|
1821 |
Mexican War of Independence |
||
|
1820 |
Accession of George IV General Election: Liverpool becomes PM (Tory) |
||
|
1819 |
Peterloo Massacre |
Contant’s The Liberty of the Ancients compared with that of the Moderns |
USSC: McCulloch v Maryland |
|
1818 |
General Election: Liverpool becomes PM (Tory) 1817-1818 Ceylon Rebellion |
||
|
1816 |
Davy’s Safety Lamp Barbados Slave revolt |
Barbados Slave revolt | |
|
1815 |
McAdam’s tarmac |
Battle of Waterloo Congress of Vienna Napoleon abolishes slave trade |
|
|
1814 |
Austen’s Mansfield Park |
Norwegian independence French Charter |
|
|
1813 |
|
Germain De Stael publishes Germany |
|
|
1812 |
Perceval assassinated. Liverpool becomes PM (Tory) General Election: Liverpool becomes PM (Tory) |
Spanish Constitution (Cadiz) |
War of 1812 between UK and US |
|
1811 |
George III incapacitated; Regency 1811-20 |
New Orleans Slave Revolt Austrian Civil Code |
|
|
1809 |
Perceval becomes PM (Tory) |
||
|
1807 |
General election. Portland becomes PM (Tory) Slave Trade Act |
|
|
|
1806 |
General election: Grenville becomes PM (Whig) |
||
|
1805 |
Battle of Trafalgar |
|
|
|
1804 |
Pitt the Younger becomes PM |
Napoleon becomes Emperor French Constitution (First Empire) Fr: Civil Code |
Haiti becomes independent |
|
1803 |
Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815 |
US case of Marbury v. Madison establishes judicial power to overrule legislation Louisiana Purchase |
|
|
1802 |
General election: Addington becomes PM (Tory) |
French Constitution
Napoleon reintroduces slavery Germaine De Stael publishes Delphine |
|
|
1801 |
George III’s opposition prevents reform of anti-Catholic laws; Pitt resigns; Addington becomes PM (Tory) |
John Marshall appointed USSC CJ 1801-35 |
|
|
1800 |
Act of Union – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland formed |
|
|
|
1799 |
French Constitution (Consulate) |
|
|
|
1798 |
Rebellion in Ireland British forces defeated in St Domingue |
British forces defeated in St Domingue | |
|
1796 |
General election. |
||
|
1795 |
French Constitution (Directoire) including the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man and of the Citizen |
|
|
|
1794 |
4 February 1794 France abolishes slavery in all its territories |
US: Whisky Tax rebellion |
|
|
1793 |
Godwin’s Political Justice. Paine’s Age of Reason. |
Louis XVI executed France: Constitution and Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Geneva Declaration of Rights |
St Domingue – abolishes slavery |
|
1792 |
Wollstonecraft publishes Vindication of the Rights of Woman Mackintosh publishes Vindiciae Gallicae |
First French Republic French Revolutionary Wars, 1792-1802 French National Assembly declares that free men of colour have equal rights |
|
|
1791 |
Wollstonecraft’s Rights of Men. Tom Paine publishes his The Rights of Man |
Polish Constitution French Constitution and Penal Code (introduces jury) De Gouges’ Rights of Women |
US Bill of Rights
Haiti Revolt (1791-1804) |
|
1790 |
General election Burke publishes his Reflections on the Revolution in France |
France: Law of 16 and 24 August 1790 prohibit judges exercising legislative powers |
|
| Equiano publishes his Interesting Narratives |
French Revolution |
|
|
|
1787 |
Constitution of the United States Publication of the Federalist Papers |
||
|
1785 |
Paley’s Moral Philosophy |
||
|
1784 |
General election |
||
|
1783 |
Portland PM April to Dec Pitt the Younger, Prime Minster 1783-1801 |
||
|
1782 |
Ireland given greater legislative freedom – Grattan’s Parliament North resigns after a motion of no confidence (first such motion) Shelburne PM 1782-1783 Repeal of Act for Securing Dependence of Ireland Act |
|
|
|
1781 |
Tucker’s Treatise on Civil Government | Kant’s Pure Reason. |
|
|
1780 |
General election |
During the 1780s at least 750,000 slaves carried across Atlantic (325,000 by Britain; 270,000 by France) (Thomas 367-8) |
Massachusetts: Constitution. |
|
1776 |
Smith publishes his Inquiry into the Wealth of Nations Paine publishes Common Sense Price publishes Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty
|
American Declaration of Independence Virginia: Declaration of Rights |
|
|
1775 |
De Lolme’s Constitution of EnglandJohnson publishes Taxation no Tyranny |
American War of Independence 1775-83 |
|
|
1774 |
General election |
||
|
1772 |
Somerset’s case – slavery illegal in England Royal Marriages Act |
|
|
|
1770 |
Lord North’s administration 1770-82 |
||
|
1769 |
Ferguson’s Institutes of Moral Philosophy |
||
|
1768 |
General election Grafton PM 1768-1770. Encyclopaedia Britannica appears. Arkwright’s spinning frame Priestley’s Essay on the First Principles of Government |
||
|
1767 |
Ferguson’s Essay on the History of Civil Society |
||
|
1766 |
Pitt the Elder PM 1766-1768 |
||
|
1765 |
Rockingham PM 1765-6 Blackstone publishes his Commentaries on the Laws of England 1765-9 Stamp Act |
|
|
|
1763 |
Grenville PM 1763-5 Watt’s Steam Engine |
Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years War (UK secures Canada and several other French possessions in North America) |
|
|
1762 |
Bute PM 1762-1763 |
Rousseau’s Emile and Social Contract published |
|
|
1761 |
General election British ships carry 250,000 slaves during 1760s. |
||
|
1760 |
Accession of George III |
Tacky’s slave revolt in Jamaica | |
|
1759 |
Voltaire publishes Candide |
|
|
|
1758 |
Vattel (1714-1767) publishes the Law of Nations |
Quaker meetings in Philadelphia and London condemn slavery (Thomas 595) |
|
|
1757 |
Newcastle PM 1757-1762 |
||
|
1756 |
Devonshire PM 1756-1757 |
Seven Years War 1756-63 |
|
|
1755 |
Hutcheson’s A System of Moral Philosophy | Lisbon Earthquake
Rousseau’s Discourse on Inequality condemns slavery |
|
|
1754 |
General election Newcastle PM 1754-56 |
||
|
1752 |
Britain adopts Gregorian Calendar |
||
|
1751 |
Encyclopaedia begins to appear, 1751-1772 |
|
|
|
1750 |
Calendar (New Style) act
British ships carry 200,000 slaves during 1750s. |
|
|
|
1748 |
Hume’s Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding | Montesquieu publishes the Spirit of the Laws |
|
|
1747 |
General election |
||
|
1745 |
Rising in Scotland |
||
|
1744 |
Hume’s Essays Moral and Political |
||
|
1743 |
Pelham PM 1743-1754 |
||
|
1742 |
Compton PM 1742-1743 |
||
|
1741 |
General election |
Benedict XIV condemns slavery | |
|
1740 |
British ships carry 200,000 slaves during 1740s |
||
|
1739 |
Hume’s Treatise on Human Nature |
||
|
1736 |
|
Antigua slave revolt | |
|
1735 |
|
||
|
1734 |
General election |
||
|
1730 |
1730s – British ships carry 170,000 slaves (Thomas 316) | ||
|
1729 |
Swift’s Modest Proposal |
||
|
1727 |
Accession of George II General election |
||
|
1722 |
General election |
||
|
1721 |
Walpole “first Prime Minister”1721(?)- 1742 |
||
|
1720 |
Dependency of Ireland Act |
Swedish revolt confers greater power on Diet. |
|
|
1719 |
Defoe’s Education of Women |
||
|
1716 |
|||
|
1715 |
General election |
|
|
|
1714 |
Accession of George I |
Treaty of Utrecht ends War of Spanish Succession | |
|
1713 |
General election. Treaty of Utrecht – Tories pull out of war against France. Expands UK colonies (Gibraltar, Minorca, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia); British monopoly on sale of slaves to Latin America |
Conflict between Louis and Parlement over Bull Unigenitus, condemning Jansenist practices. Parlement insisted on remonstrating though it eventually lost. |
|
|
1711 |
Newcomen’s steam engine. |
||
|
1710 |
General election |
||
|
1708 |
General election
|
||
|
1707 |
Formation of Parliament of Great Britain Queen Anne exercises the Royal veto for the last time Formation of Parliament of Great Britain |
|
|
|
1706 |
Treaty of Union |
|
|
|
1704 |
Battle of Blenheim |
|
|
|
1702 |
Accession of Anne |
||
|
1701 |
Act of Settlement secures judicial independence in England, determines succession of crown |
War of Spanish succession 1701-14 |
|
|
1700 |
Mary Astell publishes Some Reflections upon Marriage (anonymously) |
||
|
1698 |
Patterson sponsored Scottish colonists set out to found disastrous New Caledonia. |
||
|
1697 |
Banishment Act prohibits Catholic hierarchy in Ireland. |
Treaty of Ryswick ends Nine Years’ War | |
|
1694 |
Death of Mary II; William III rules alone Bank of England. Mary Astell publishes A Serious Proposals to the Ladies (anonymously) |
|
|
|
1691 |
End of Jacobite resistance in Ireland |
||
|
1690 |
Battle of the Boyne |
||
|
1689 |
Locke (1632-1704) publishes Essay on Understanding, A Letter concerning Toleration and Two Treatises of Government Convention Parliament Holt becomes Lord Chief Justice Bill of Rights (Eng+ Wales) Claim of Right (Scotland) Toleration Act |
|
|
| .Birth of a royal heir.
Glorious Revolution Accession of William and Mary Second Declaration of Indulgence Trial of Seven Bishops. |
Nine Year’s War 1688-1697 pits France against a coalition incl Netherlands, England, Empire etc. |
|
|
|
1687 |
Newton publishes Principia. Prerogative Declaration of Indulgence for Catholics and Dissenters – permitted Catholics to worship in public. |
|
|
|
1686 |
Godden v Hales upheld dispensing power under prerogative |
|
|
|
1685 |
Death of Charles II. Accession of James II Failed uprisings by Monmouth and Argyll. ‘Bloody Assizes’ |
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Expulsion of Huguenot ministers |
|
|
1683 |
Locke flees to the Netherlands |
|
|
|
1681 |
Bayle’s Commentaire Philosophique argues for toleration of atheists. |
|
|
|
1679 |
Two elections for Parliament Locke begins work on his Two Treatises? |
|
|
|
1678 |
Popish Plot Second Test Act |
|
|
|
1673 |
Test Act excludes Catholics from public office Revocation of Declaration of Indulgence |
Poulain publishes A Physical and Moral Discourse on the Equality of both Sexes |
|
|
1672 |
Third Anglo-Dutch War 1672-4
Charles II grants monopoly to Royal Africa Co (slave trade) Declaration of Indulgence |
|
|
|
1670 |
Treaties of Dover |
|
|
|
1669 |
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina | ||
|
1668 |
|||
|
1667 |
‘Cabal’ 1667-72 | ||
|
1666 |
Great fire of London | ||
|
1665 |
Hooke’s Micrgraphia
Bubonic Plague Second Anglo-Dutch War 1665-7 |
||
|
1664 |
Triennial Parliaments’ Act |
|
|
|
1662 |
Act of Uniformity.
Irish parliament passes Act of Settlement. English Royal Society. Boyle’s law formulated |
||
|
1660 |
Restoration: Accession of Charles II House of Lords restored |
||
|
1658 |
Death of Cromwell |
||
|
1657 |
Petition and Advice |
|
|
|
1656 |
Harrington’s Oceana. |
Huygens works on clocks in the UP. |
|
|
1653 |
Rump Parliament dissolved. Barebones Parliament called. Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell Instrument of Government – a ‘written’ constitution |
|
|
|
1652 |
First Anglo Dutch War 1652-4. |
||
|
1651 |
Hobbes publishes Leviathan |
||
|
1649 |
Levellers suppressed. Trial and execution of Charles I Milton’s Tenure of Kings and Magistrates Interregnum / Commonwealth 1649-1660 Abolition of House of Lords |
||
|
1648 |
Second Civil War 1648-9 |
Treaty of Westphalia End of the 80 Years War / Dutch Revolt |
|
|
1647 |
Hobbes’ De Cive Levellers’ Agreement of the People |
||
|
1645 |
New Model Army Battle of Naseby |
||
|
1644 |
|||
|
1643 |
Milton’s Areopagicita |
||
|
1642 |
Charles attempts to arrest 5 MPs in Parliament English Civil War 1642-51 Militia Ordinance agreed by Commons and Lords |
|
|
|
1641 |
Rebellion in Ireland Abolition of Star Chamber Grand Remonstrance Triennial Act |
Thermometer invented in Italy |
|
|
1640 |
Second Bishops’ War in Scotland Charles summons the ‘Short’ Parliament Charles summons a second – the ‘Long’ -Parliament Hobbes writes The Elements of Law; later he flees to Paris |
Catalonia and Portugal rebel against Spain | |
|
1639 |
First Bishops’ War in Scotland 1639-51, Wars of the Three Kingdoms |
||
|
1638 |
Scottish National Covenant |
Descartes’ theory of analytic geometry. | |
|
1637 |
Charles tries to introduce new Prayer Book in Scotland Case of Ship Money (R v Hampden) upholds use of prerogative to levy Ship Money tax (7-5) |
Descartes’ Discourse on Method |
|
|
1635 |
Judicial advice on ship money. |
|
|
|
1634 |
Charles raises ship money Summoning of Irish Parliament |
||
|
1633 |
Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury |
||
|
1629 |
Charles I rules without Parliament 1629-40 – ‘personal rule’. |
||
|
1628 |
Buckingham assassinated. Coke’s Institutes of the Laws of England. Charles summons his third Parliament Harvey’s On the Motion of the Heart and Blood |
|
|
|
1627 |
Charles resorts to a forced loan La Rochelle expedition Five Knights’ Case (Darnel’s case), KB |
|
|
|
1626 |
|||
|
1625 |
Accession of Charles I Cadiz expedition |
Grotius (1583-1645): Laws of War and Peace |
|
|
1624 |
Parliament summoned for last time in James’ reign Monopolies Act |
|
|
|
1621 |
Parliament summoned for the first time since 1614. |
||
|
1620 |
Pilgrim Fathers sail to America on the Mayflower |
||
|
1618 |
Buckingham chief minister 1618-28. Bacon (an enemy of Coke) becomes Lord Chancellor |
Thirty Years War (1618-1648) |
|
|
1616 |
James I dismisses Coke |
||
|
1615 |
Harvey discovers circulation of the blood. |
||
|
1614 |
Addled Parliament |
||
|
1613 |
Coke moved from Common Pleas to King’s Bench |
||
|
1611 |
Case of Proclamations insists Prerogative is delimited by the law King James Bible published |
|
|
|
1610 |
Dr. Bonham’s case. |
France: Henry IV assassinated Gallileo’s Starry Messenger? |
|
|
1609 |
Kepler’s Astronomia Nova |
Dutch Spanish Truce of Antwerp – United Provinces recognised as if a sovereign power. |
|
|
1607 |
Prohibitons del roy case – King may not act as judge |
|
Virginia colony |
|
1606 |
Coke becomes Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas Bate’s case |
|
|
|
1605 |
Bacon’s Advancement of Learning.Gunpowder plot.
Shakespeare’s King Lear. |
||
|
1604 |
Treaty of London between England and Spain. Shakespeare’s Othello. |
||
|
1603 |
Irish rebellion defeated Elizabeth dies. Accession of James I (James VI Scotland) – a personal union of the monarchs of England and Scotland |
||
|
1602 |
Mountjoy subdues the Irish. | ||
|
1601 |
Poor Law Act. Spanish land at Kinsale. Essex revolt.
Essex executed |
English establish colony in Virginia. |
|
|
1600 |
English East India Company founded. Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Barclay’s De Regno et Regali Potestate advocates divine right of kings. |
||
|
1598 |
James VI of Scotland publishes the True Law of Free Monarchies |
France: Edict of Nantes |
|
|
1594 |
O’Neill’s revolt. Edward Coke becomes Attorney General. Hooker publishes Of the Laws of the Ecclesiastical Politie 1594-7 |
||
|
1592 |
Trinity College Dublin. Shakespeare’s Richard III, Comedy of Errors. |
||
|
1588 |
Spanish Armada Gentili (1552-1608) writes De Jure Belli Commendations Tres |
||
|
1584 |
Heydon’s case |
|
|
|
1582 |
Gregorian calendar |
|
|
|
1581 |
Drake circumnavigates the globe. |
|
|
|
1576 |
Bodin publishes Six Books of the Republic advocating sovereignty, distinguishing it from family authority. |
|
|
|
1572 |
St. Bartholomew Massacre of Huguenots. |
|
|
|
1571 |
Battle of Lepanto |
|
|
|
1560 |
Act of Supremacy (Ireland)
1560s Hawkins’ voyages to Caribbean (slaving) |
|
|
|
1558 |
Elizabeth I r. 1558-1603. Knox’s Monstrous Regiment. Loss of Calais. |
|
|
|
1557 |
De Soto’s Ten Books on Justice and Law |
|
|
|
1556 |
|
||
|
1555 |
Peace of Augsburg – cuius regio, cuius religio, |
|
|
|
1553 |
Edward dies. Lady Jane. Rebellion installs
Mary I 1553-8. Parliament reverses Edwardian ecclesiastical laws. |
||
|
1547 |
Edward VI r. 1547-53 |
||
|
1545 |
Council of Trent 1545-63 |
|
|
|
1543 |
Copernicus’ theory De revolutionibus |
|
|
|
1542 |
Crown of Ireland Act (Ireland) |
|
Las Casas (1484-1566) writes A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies |
|
1536 |
|
Foundation of the Jesuits in Rome |
|
|
1536 |
|
Calvin (1509-1564) publishes Institutes of the Christian Religion |
|
|
1535 |
Execution of More Law in Wales Acts 1535-42 |
|
Conquest of the Incas.
Mendoza appointed viceroy of New Spain. |
|
1534 |
Act of Supremacy – Henry VIII becomes Head of the church |
Rabelais Gargantua. |
|
|
1532 |
Machiavelli’s Prince printed. Vitoria (1483-1546) writes De Indis and De pure Belli |
|
|
|
1529 |
More LC 1529-32 |
||
|
1526 |
Act for the Dissolution of the Monasteries; Statute allows Henry to leave the crown by will |
|
|
|
1525 |
Tyndale translates Bible. |
||
|
1522 |
Slave rebellion in Hispaniola | ||
|
1520 |
Cortes conquers Mexico. Magellan circumnavigates South America.
Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent |
||
|
1519 |
Magellan and Del Cano set out.
Cortes begins conquest of Aztecs. |
||
|
1518 |
|
||
|
1517 |
Martin Luther’s Theses. |
|
|
|
1516 |
More publishes Utopia |
||
|
1515 |
Wolsey becomes Lord Chancellor |
||
|
1513 |
Macchiavelli writes The Prince | ||
|
1512 |
|||
|
1511 |
De Montesinos criticises Spanish treatment of indigenous American people | ||
|
1510 |
Martin Luther visits Rome. | ||
|
1509 |
Henry VIII r 1509-1547 |
||
|
1497 |
|
Da Gama sails to Cape of Good Hope | |
|
1495 |
Poyning’s Law (Ireland) |
|
|
|
1494 |
Treaty of Tordesillas divides the new world between Spanish and Portuguese empires |
||
|
1493 |
|
||
|
1492 |
|
Colombus voyage to Americas | |
|
1486 |
Pico’s Dignity of Man |
|
|
|
1485 |
Battle of Bosworth Field, Richard dies in battle. Henry VII (Tudor) takes power 1485 – 1509.
|
||
|
1475 |
Caxton’s printing press |
||
|
1455 |
War of the Roses, 1455-87 |
Gutenberg Bible printed | |
|
1450 |
|
Gutenberg develops printing press in Europe | |
|
1431 |
Jeanne burned. |
|
|
|
1429 |
Battle of Orleans | ||
|
1413 |
Death of Henry IV. Henry V r. 1413-22. Henry V asserts right to French throne. | Christine de Pizan writes The Book ofPeace as advice for the dauphin | |
|
1410 |
Christine de Pizan writes The Book of the City of Ladies and the Treasure of the City of Ladies | ||
|
1405 |
Christine de Pizan writes The Book of Feats of Arms and of Chivalry | ||
|
1400 |
Pro-Richard rising crushed, Richard II killed.
Welsh rebellion 1400-1414. Death of Chaucer |
||
|
1399 |
Failed excursion to Ireland. Richard II prisoner. Henry IV, Duke of Lancaster, seizes power (r. 1399-1413). |
||
|
1381 |
Peasants’ Revolt. Wat Tyler killed. |
||
|
1378 |
1378-82 popular revolts.
1378-1417 Great Schism. |
||
|
1340 |
Chaucer 1340-1400. |
||
|
1337 |
Hundred Years War, 1337-1453 |
||
|
1327 |
Edward II forced to abdicate. Murder of Edward II.
Edward III (r. 1327-1377). |
||
|
1322 |
Chalres IV r 1322-1328 |
||
|
1320 |
Declaration of Arbroath |
|
|
|
1324 |
Marsilius’ Defensor Pacis |
|
|
|
1316 |
Jean I r 5 days; Philip V r 1316-1322 |
|
|
|
1314 |
Louis X r 1314-1316 |
|
|
|
1313 |
1310-1313 – Dante’s Monarchia promotes universal monarchy? |
|
|
|
1307 |
Edward II (r. 1307-1327) |
||
|
1302 |
First Etats General called in France by Philip the Fair
Boniface’s Unum Sanctam |
|
|
|
1297 |
Confirmation of Charters. No taxation without representation. |
||
|
1295 |
Edward I summons Model Parliament |
||
|
1285 |
Philippe IV le bel r 1285-1314 |
|
|
|
1283 |
Coutumes de Beauvaisis of Beaumanoir. |
|
|
|
1270 |
Philippe III r 1270-1285 |
|
|
|
1265 |
Aquinas (1225-1274) starts work on Summa Theologica Aquinas’ On Princely Government. |
|
|
|
1260 |
First translation of Aristotle’s Politics, with its idea of the common good, citizenship, and the naturalness of the state, by William of Moerbeke. |
|
|
|
1256 |
Las sietes partidas written 1256-63. |
|
|
|
1240 |
Herman the German translates Aristotle’s Ethics, Rhetoric and Poetics. |
|
|
|
1226 |
|
Louis IX St Louis r 1226-1270 | |
|
1224 |
|
Naples University founded | |
|
1223 |
|
Louis VIII r 1223-1226 | |
|
1220 |
Bracton writes Of the Laws and customs of England (date uncertain) |
||
|
1218 |
|
Foundation of Salamanca University | |
|
1216 |
Henry III (r. 1216-1272) |
Foundation of the Dominicans in Toulouse | |
|
1215 |
Magna Carta |
|
Fourth Lateran Council |
|
1214 |
John loses Normandy. |
||
|
1213 |
Innocent III forces King John to do feudal homage. |
||
|
1212 |
Children’s Crusade | ||
|
1209 |
Cambridge University founded | Albigensian Crusade
Foundation of the Franciscans |
|
|
1202 |
Fourth Crusade | ||
|
1199 |
King John 1199-1216. |
||
|
1189 |
Richard (r. 1189-1199) |
||
|
1187 |
Chief Justiciar Glanville’s Treatise on the Laws of England. |
Third Crusade | |
|
1182 |
St Francis 1182-1226 | ||
|
1180 |
|
Philippe II r 1180-1223, First ‘King of France’ | |
|
1170 |
Beckett killed |
||
|
1166 |
Assizes of Clarendon |
|
|
|
1164 |
Constitutions of Clarendon |
|
|
|
1159 |
John of Salisbury writes Policraticus |
||
|
1155 |
Pope grants Ireland to Henry II. |
||
|
1154 |
Henry II (r. 1154-1189). |
||
|
1151 |
|||
|
1150 |
Foundation of University of Paris |
|
|
|
1147 |
Second Crusade | ||
|
1140 |
Gratian produced the Decretum in Bologna. |
|
|
|
1137 |
Louis VII r 1137-1180 |
|
|
|
1126 |
Averroes 1126-1198 |
||
|
1108 |
Louis VI r 1108-1137 |
||
|
1100 |
Charter of Liberties |
|
|
|
1096 |
Oxford University |
First Crusade |
|
|
1088 |
Domesday Book. |
University of Bologna founded | |
|
1066 |
Edward dies. Harold. Battle with Danes. Battle of Hastings. William has papal support. |
||
|
1060 |
Philip I r 1060-1108 |
|
|
|
1054 |
Schism between Eastern and Western Church |
|
|
|
1042 |
End of Danish rule in England. King Edward the Confessor (1042-66). |
||
|
1031 |
|
Henry I r 1031-1060 | |
|
1013 |
Danish rule in England. St. Olaf converted. |
|
|
|
996 |
|
Rovert II r 996-1031 | |
|
987 |
|
Hugh Capet – first capetian monarch r 987-996 | |
|
989 |
|
Louis V r 986-987 | |
|
980 |
|
Avicenna 980-1037 | |
|
954 |
|
Lothair r 954-986 | |
|
936 |
|
Louis IV r 936-954 | |
|
923 |
|
Rudolph r 923-936 | |
|
922 |
|
Robert 1 (Robertian) 922-923 | |
|
898 |
|
Chalres III le simple (Carol. dynasty) r 898-922 | |
|
888 |
|
Odo r 888-898 (Robertian dynasty) | |
|
884 |
Charles III le gros r 884-887 |
|
|
|
879 |
Louis III r 879-882
Carolina II r 879-884 |
|
|
|
877 |
Louis II r 877-879 |
|
|
|
871 |
Alfred becomes king of Wessex and defeats Danes. |
|
|
|
843 |
Treaty of Verdun splits empire
Charles II Le chauve r 843-877 |
|
|
|
840 |
Death of Louis le Pieux |
|
|
|
838 |
Worms division of Frankish empire |
|
|
|
817 |
Louis le Pieux – division of the empire |
|
|
|
814 |
Louis le Pieux (r 814-840) |
|
|
|
802 |
Capitulary of Charlemagne |
|
|
|
800 |
Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne (747-814) Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire |
|
General elections since the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain are listed. Accessions of Monarchs since 1603 are listed. Prime Ministers since Walpole are listed. Please use the reply function at thte bottom of the page to make suggestions or note errors. Students: this is intended only as a short guide to background knowledge on historical events with links to basic information openly available on the web. For academic work you will be expected to rely on academic material. i.e. primary sources, textbooks, monographs, journal articles, etc. In particular you should not rely on references to Wikipedia for academic coursework. Students: you might think about the political, social, philosophical, European and international contexts within which law operates; think about the links between the legal events and the non-legal events in this table; or between events in the UK and events elsewhere. Disclaimer: links to external sites are not intended to endorse those sites or the information on them. In particular some websites are open to amendments by anyone and are vulnerable to malicious amendment.
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Con Law Files 
One thing you migh usefully include is the “Jopling Reforms” to the Commons sitting hours in 1992: see Report from the Select Committee on Sittings of the House (Session 1991-92 HC20). I was a Commons Clerk at the time; and it struck me then (and I haven’t changed my view subsequently) that the effect of the Jopling Reforms was to tip the balance much more towards the Government than hitherto. When the Government has an overall working majority the chief weapong of the Opposition is time – the ability to make the Government sweat for its legislation – and Jopling surrendered that – or a good deal of it.